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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the disease. For other uses, see <a href="SARS_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="SARS (disambiguation)">SARS (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Severe acute respiratory syndrome<br>(SARS)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Sudden acute respiratory syndrome<sup id="cite_ref-sudden_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sudden-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Electron micrograph of SARS coronavirus <a href="Virion" title="Virion">virion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</span></span> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Infectious_disease_(medical_specialty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease (medical specialty)">Infectious disease</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Fever, persistent dry cough, headache, muscle pains, difficulty breathing</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with other comorbidities that eventually leads to death</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usual onset</th><td class="infobox-data">4–6 days post-exposure</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Cause_(medicine)" title="Cause (medicine)">Causes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus">Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus</a> (SARS-CoV-1)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prevention</th><td class="infobox-data">N95 or FFP2 respirators, ventilation, UVGI, avoiding travel to affected areas<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Prognosis" title="Prognosis">Prognosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9.5% chance of death (all countries)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">8,096 total confirmed cases (2002–2004), no new cases since 2004</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">783 known</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">

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<p><b>Severe acute respiratory syndrome</b> (<b>SARS</b>) is a viral <a href="Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">respiratory disease</a> of <a href="Zoonotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoonotic">zoonotic</a> origin caused by the virus <a href="SARS-CoV-1" title="SARS-CoV-1">SARS-CoV-1</a>, the first identified strain of the <a href="SARS-related_coronavirus" title="SARS-related coronavirus">SARS-related coronavirus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first known cases occurred in November 2002, and the syndrome caused the <a href="2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak" title="2002–2004 SARS outbreak">2002–2004 SARS outbreak</a>. In the 2010s, Chinese scientists traced the virus through the intermediary of <a href="Asian_palm_civet" title="Asian palm civet">Asian palm civets</a> to cave-dwelling <a href="Horseshoe_bat" title="Horseshoe bat">horseshoe bats</a> in <a href="Xiyang_Yi_Ethnic_Township" title="Xiyang Yi Ethnic Township">Xiyang Yi Ethnic Township</a>, <a href="Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>SARS was a relatively rare disease; at the end of the epidemic in June 2003, the incidence was 8,422 cases with a <a href="Case_fatality_rate" title="Case fatality rate">case fatality rate</a> (CFR) of 11%.<sup id="cite_ref-Chan2003_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chan2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No cases of SARS-CoV-1 have been reported worldwide since 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-nhssars_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhssars-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In December 2019, a second strain of SARS-CoV was identified: <a href="SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This strain causes coronavirus disease 2019 (<a href="COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>), the disease behind the <a href="COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2></div>

<p>SARS produces <a href="Influenza-like_illness" title="Influenza-like illness">flu-like symptoms</a> which may include fever, <a href="Muscle_pain" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle pain">muscle pain</a>, <a href="Lethargy" title="Lethargy">lethargy</a>, cough, <a href="Sore_throat" title="Sore throat">sore throat</a>, and other <a href="Nonspecific_symptom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonspecific symptom">nonspecific symptoms</a>. SARS often leads to <a href="Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">shortness of breath</a> and <a href="Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, which may be direct <a href="Viral_pneumonia" title="Viral pneumonia">viral pneumonia</a> or secondary <a href="Bacterial_pneumonia" title="Bacterial pneumonia">bacterial pneumonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peiris_Chu_Cheng_Chan_2003_pp._1767–1772_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peiris_Chu_Cheng_Chan_2003_pp._1767–1772-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The average <a href="Incubation_period" title="Incubation period">incubation period</a> for SARS is four to six days, although it is rarely as short as one day or as long as 14 days.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transmission">Transmission</h2></div>

<p>The primary <a href="Transmission_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (medicine)">route of transmission</a> for SARS-CoV is contact of the <a href="Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">mucous membranes</a> with <a href="Respiratory_droplet" title="Respiratory droplet">respiratory droplets</a> or <a href="Fomite" title="Fomite">fomites</a>. As with all respiratory pathogens once presumed to transmit via respiratory droplets, it is highly likely to be carried by the aerosols generated during routine breathing, talking, and even singing.<sup id="cite_ref-prather_jimenez_marr_1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prather_jimenez_marr_1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a> is common in people with SARS, the <a href="Fecal%E2%80%93oral_route" title="Fecal–oral route">fecal–oral route</a> is another mode of transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Basic_reproduction_number" title="Basic reproduction number">basic reproduction number</a> of SARS-CoV, R<sub>0</sub>, ranges from 2 to 4 depending on different analyses. Control measures introduced in April 2003 reduced the R to 0.4.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2></div>

<p>SARS-CoV may be suspected in a patient who has:

</p>

<ul><li>Any of the <a href="Symptom" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptom">symptoms</a>, including a fever of 38 °C (100 °F) or higher, and</li>

<li>Either a history of:

<ul><li>Contact (sexual or casual) with someone with a <a href="Diagnosis" title="Diagnosis">diagnosis</a> of SARS within the last 10 days or</li>

<li>Travel to any of the regions identified by the <a href="World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) as areas with recent local transmission of SARS.</li></ul></li>

<li>Clinical criteria of Sars-CoV diagnosis<sup id="cite_ref-cdc.gov_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc.gov-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

<ul><li>Early illness: equal to or more than 2 of the following: <a href="Chills" title="Chills">chills</a>, rigors, <a href="Myalgia" title="Myalgia">myalgia</a>, <a href="Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, <a href="Sore_throat" title="Sore throat">sore throat</a> (self-reported or observed)</li>

<li>Mild-to-moderate illness: temperature of >38 °C (100 °F) plus indications of lower respiratory tract infection (cough, dyspnea)</li>

<li>Severe illness: ≥1 of radiographic evidence, presence of <a href="Acute_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Acute respiratory distress syndrome">ARDS</a>, autopsy findings in late patients.</li></ul></li></ul>

<p>For a case to be considered probable, a chest X-ray must be indicative for <a href="Atypical_pneumonia" title="Atypical pneumonia">atypical pneumonia</a> or <a href="Acute_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Acute respiratory distress syndrome">acute respiratory distress syndrome</a>.

</p><p>The WHO has added the category of "laboratory confirmed SARS" which means patients who would otherwise be considered "probable" and have tested positive for SARS based on one of the approved tests (<a href="ELISA" title="ELISA">ELISA</a>, <a href="Immunofluorescence" title="Immunofluorescence">immunofluorescence</a> or <a href="Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">PCR</a>) but whose chest X-ray findings do not show SARS-CoV infection (e.g. ground glass opacities, patchy consolidations unilateral).<sup id="cite_ref-cdc.gov_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc.gov-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The appearance of SARS-CoV in chest X-rays is not always uniform but generally appears as an abnormality with patchy infiltrates.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2></div>

<p>There is a vaccine for SARS, although in March 2020 <a href="Immunologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunologist">immunologist</a> <a href="Anthony_Fauci" title="Anthony Fauci">Anthony Fauci</a> said the <a href="Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">CDC</a> developed one and placed it in the <a href="Strategic_National_Stockpile" title="Strategic National Stockpile">Strategic National Stockpile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That vaccine is a final product and field-ready as of March 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-nbcnews1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbcnews1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Isolation_(health_care)" title="Isolation (health care)">Clinical isolation</a> and <a href="Vaccination" title="Vaccination">vaccination</a> remain the most effective means to prevent the spread of SARS. Other preventive measures include:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Hand_washing" title="Hand washing">Hand-washing</a> with soap and water, or use of alcohol-based <a href="Hand_sanitizer" title="Hand sanitizer">hand sanitizer</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Disinfection of surfaces of <a href="Fomite" title="Fomite">fomites</a> to remove viruses</li>

<li>Avoiding contact with bodily fluids</li>

<li>Put down toilet lid when flushing</li>

<li>Using separate washrooms (if possible)</li>

<li>Washing the personal items of someone with SARS in hot, soapy water (eating utensils, dishes, bedding, etc.)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Avoiding travel to affected areas</li>

<li>Wearing masks and gloves<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Keeping people with symptoms home from school</li>

<li>Simple hygiene measures</li>

<li>Distancing oneself at least 6 feet if possible to minimize the chances of transmission of the virus</li></ul>

<p>Many public health interventions were made to try to control the spread of the disease, which is mainly spread through <a href="Respiratory_droplet" title="Respiratory droplet">respiratory droplets</a> in the air, either inhaled or deposited on surfaces and subsequently transferred to a body's mucous membranes. These interventions included earlier detection of the disease; isolation of people who are infected; droplet and contact precautions; and the use of <a href="Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">personal protective equipment</a> (PPE), including masks and isolation gowns.<sup id="cite_ref-Chan2003_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chan2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2017 meta-analysis found that for medical professionals wearing <a href="N95_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="N95 mask">N-95</a> masks could reduce the chances of getting sick up to 80% compared to no mask.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A screening process was also put in place at airports to monitor air travel to and from affected countries.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>SARS-CoV is most infectious in severely ill patients, which usually occurs during the second week of illness. This delayed infectious period meant that <a href="Quarantine" title="Quarantine">quarantine</a> was highly effective; people who were isolated before day five of their illness rarely transmitted the disease to others.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>As of 2017, the CDC was still working to make federal and local rapid-response guidelines and recommendations in the event of a reappearance of the virus.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2></div>

<p>As SARS is a viral disease, <a href="Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a> do not have direct effect but may be used against bacterial secondary infection. Treatment of SARS is mainly supportive with <a href="Antipyretic" title="Antipyretic">antipyretics</a>, supplemental oxygen and <a href="Mechanical_ventilation" title="Mechanical ventilation">mechanical ventilation</a> as needed. While ribavirin is commonly used to treat SARS, there seems to have little to no effect on SARS-CoV, and no impact on patient's outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is currently no proven <a href="Antiviral_drug" title="Antiviral drug">antiviral</a> therapy. Tested substances, include <a href="Ribavirin" title="Ribavirin">ribavirin</a>, <a href="Lopinavir" title="Lopinavir">lopinavir</a>, <a href="Ritonavir" title="Ritonavir">ritonavir</a>, type I <a href="Interferon" title="Interferon">interferon</a>, that have thus far shown no conclusive contribution to the disease's course.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Administration of <a href="Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroids</a>, is recommended by the <a href="British_Thoracic_Society" title="British Thoracic Society">British Thoracic Society</a>/British Infection Society/<a href="Health_Protection_Agency" title="Health Protection Agency">Health Protection Agency</a> in patients with severe disease and <a href="Oxygen_saturation_(medicine)" title="Oxygen saturation (medicine)">O2 saturation</a> of <90%.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>People with SARS-CoV must be isolated, preferably in <a href="Negative_room_pressure" title="Negative room pressure">negative-pressure rooms</a>, with complete <a href="Barrier_nursing" title="Barrier nursing">barrier nursing</a> precautions taken for any necessary contact with these patients, to limit the chances of medical personnel becoming infected.<sup id="cite_ref-cdc.gov_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc.gov-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In certain cases, <a href="Natural_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural ventilation">natural ventilation</a> by opening doors and windows is documented to help decreasing indoor concentration of virus particles.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Some of the more serious damage caused by SARS may be due to the body's own immune system reacting in what is known as <a href="Cytokine_storm" title="Cytokine storm">cytokine storm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID_16322745_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID_16322745-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vaccine">Vaccine</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Economics_of_vaccines" title="Economics of vaccines">Economics of vaccines</a> and <a href="COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">COVID-19 vaccine</a></div><p>Vaccines can help the immune system to create enough antibodies and decrease a risk of side effects like arm pain, fever, and headache.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to research papers published in 2005 and 2006, the identification and development of novel vaccines and medicines to treat SARS was a priority for governments and public health agencies around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID_15655773_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID_15655773-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PMID_15885812_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID_15885812-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PMID_16453264_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID_16453264-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 2004, an early clinical trial on volunteers was planned.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major researcher's 2016 request, however, demonstrated that no field-ready SARS vaccine had been completed because likely market-driven priorities had ended funding.<sup id="cite_ref-nbcnews1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbcnews1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2></div>

<p>Several consequent reports from China on some recovered SARS patients showed severe long-time <a href="Sequela" title="Sequela">sequelae</a>. The most typical diseases include, among other things, <a href="Pulmonary_fibrosis" title="Pulmonary fibrosis">pulmonary fibrosis</a>, <a href="Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a>, and <a href="Avascular_necrosis" title="Avascular necrosis">femoral necrosis</a>, which have led in some cases to the complete loss of working ability or even self-care ability of people who have recovered from SARS. As a result of quarantine procedures, some of the post-SARS patients have been diagnosed with <a href="Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a> (PTSD) and <a href="Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">major depressive disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID_15324539_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID_15324539-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak" title="2002–2004 SARS outbreak">2002–2004 SARS outbreak</a></div>

<p>The epidemic origin of SARS was first reported in Foshan, China, on November 16, 2002. On February 28, 2003, Dr. <a href="Carlo_Urbani" title="Carlo Urbani">Carlo Urbani</a>, the WHO physician, formally identified SARS in patient zero in Vietnam French Hospital of Hanoi in Vietnam, died from the virus in Bangkok.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CNN_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His contributions on the epistemological traces of the virus have been highly regarded by the WHO.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>No new cases of SARS have been reported since 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

At the end of the epidemic in June 2003, the reported incidence was 8,422 cases with a <a href="Case_fatality_rate" title="Case fatality rate">case fatality rate</a> (CFR) of 11%.<sup id="cite_ref-Chan2003_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chan2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case fatality rate (CFR) ranges from 0% to 50% depending on the age group of the patient.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patients under 24 were least likely to die (less than 1%); those 65 and older were most likely to die (over 55%).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>As with <a href="MERS" title="MERS">MERS</a> and <a href="COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>, SARS resulted in significantly more deaths of males than females.

</p>

<caption>Probable cases of SARS by country or region, <br>1 November 2002 – 31 July 2003<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</caption>

<th>Country or region

</th>

<th style="text-align:right;">Cases

</th>

<th style="text-align:right;">Deaths

</th>

<th style="text-align:right;">Fatality (%)

</th></tr>

<td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span>China<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td>

<td>6.6

</td></tr>

<td>17.0

</td></tr>

<td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span>Taiwan<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td>

</td></tr>

<td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span>Canada</td>

<td>17.1

</td></tr>

<td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span>Singapore</td>

<td>13.9

</td></tr>

<td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span>Vietnam</td>

<td>7.9

</td></tr>

<td align="left"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span>United States</span></td>

<td>0

</td></tr>

<td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span>Philippines</td>

<td>14.3

</td></tr>

<td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span>Thailand</td>

<td>22.2

</td></tr>

<td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span>Germany</td>

<td>0

</td></tr>

<td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span>Mongolia</td>

<td>0

</td></tr>

<td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span>France</td>

<td>14.3

</td></tr>

<td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span>Australia</td>

<td>0

</td></tr>

<td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span>Malaysia</td>

<td>40.0

</td></tr>

<td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span>Sweden</td>

<td>0

</td></tr>

<td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span>United Kingdom</td>

<td>0

</td></tr>

<td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span>Italy</td>

<td>0

</td></tr>

<td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span>Brazil</td>

<td>0

</td></tr>

<td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span>India</td>

<td>0

</td></tr>

<td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span>South Korea</td>

<td>0

</td></tr>

<td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span>Indonesia</td>

<td>0

</td></tr>

<td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span>South Africa</td>

<td>100.0

</td></tr>

<td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span>Colombia</td>

<td>0

</td></tr>

<td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span>Kuwait</td>

<td>0

</td></tr>

<td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span>Ireland</td>

<td>0

</td></tr>

<td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span>Macao</td>

<td>0

</td></tr>

<td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span>New Zealand</td>

<td>0

</td></tr>

<td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span>Romania</td>

<td>0

</td></tr>

<td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span>Russia</td>

<td>0

</td></tr>

<td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span>Spain</td>

<td>0

</td></tr>

<td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span>  </span>Switzerland</td>

<td>0

</td></tr>

<td style="text-align:left;"><span class="nowrap">Total excluding China<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td>

<td>16.4

</td></tr>

<td style="text-align:left;">Total (29 territories)</td>

<td>9.6

</td></tr>

<tr>

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<li id="cite_note-fn1-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Figures for China exclude Hong Kong and Macau, which are reported separately by the <a href="WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">After 11 July 2003, 325 Taiwanese cases were 'discarded'. Laboratory information was insufficient or incomplete for 135 of the discarded cases; 101 of these patients died.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outbreak_in_South_China">Outbreak in South China</h3></div>

<p>The SARS epidemic began in the <a href="Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> province of China in November 2002. The earliest case developed symptoms on 16 November 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite taking some action to control it, Chinese government officials did not inform the World Health Organization of the outbreak until February 2003. This lack of openness caused delays in efforts to control the epidemic, resulting in criticism of the People's Republic of China from the international community. China officially apologized for early slowness in dealing with the SARS epidemic.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

In 2003, when the virus broke out in China, a 72 year old with SARS infected multiple people on board an <a href="Air_China_Flight_112" title="Air China Flight 112">Air China Boeing 737</a>, causing 5 deaths.

The viral outbreak was subsequently genetically traced to a colony of cave-dwelling <a href="Horseshoe_bat" title="Horseshoe bat">horseshoe bats</a> in <a href="Xiyang_Yi_Ethnic_Township" title="Xiyang Yi Ethnic Township">Xiyang Yi Ethnic Township</a>, Yunnan.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The outbreak first came to the attention of the international medical community on 27 November 2002, when Canada's <a href="Global_Public_Health_Intelligence_Network" title="Global Public Health Intelligence Network">Global Public Health Intelligence Network</a> (GPHIN), an electronic warning system that is part of the World Health Organization's <a href="Global_Outbreak_Alert_and_Response_Network" title="Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network">Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network</a> (GOARN), picked up reports of a "flu outbreak" in China through Internet media monitoring and analysis and sent them to the WHO. While GPHIN's capability had recently been upgraded to enable Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish translation, the system was limited to English or French in presenting this information. Thus, while the first reports of an unusual outbreak were in Chinese, an English report was not generated until 21 January 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-Mawadeku_and_Blench_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mawadeku_and_Blench-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PMID_15040346_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID_15040346-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="Super-spreader" class="mw-redirect" title="Super-spreader">super-spreader</a> was admitted to the <a href="Sun_Yat-sen_University" title="Sun Yat-sen University">Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital</a> in <a href="Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> on 31 January, which soon spread the disease to nearby hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In early April 2003, after a prominent physician, <a href="Jiang_Yanyong" title="Jiang Yanyong">Jiang Yanyong</a>, pushed to report the danger to China,<sup id="cite_ref-China_Status_2007_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China_Status_2007-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-award_2004_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-award_2004-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there appeared to be a change in official policy when SARS began to receive a much greater prominence in the official media. Some have directly attributed this to the death of an American teacher, <a href="James_Earl_Salisbury" class="mw-redirect" title="James Earl Salisbury">James Earl Salisbury</a>, in Hong Kong.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was around this same time that Jiang Yanyong made accusations regarding the undercounting of cases in Beijing military hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-China_Status_2007_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China_Status_2007-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-award_2004_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-award_2004-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After intense pressure, Chinese officials allowed international officials to investigate the situation there. This revealed problems plaguing the aging mainland Chinese healthcare system, including increasing decentralization, <a href="Red_tape" title="Red tape">red tape</a>, and inadequate communication.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Many healthcare workers in the affected nations risked their lives and died by treating patients, and trying to contain the infection before ways to prevent infection were known.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spread_to_other_regions">Spread to other regions</h3></div>

<p>The epidemic reached the public spotlight in February 2003, when an American businessman traveling from China, Johnny Chen, became affected by pneumonia-like symptoms while on a flight to Singapore. The plane stopped in <a href="Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>, Vietnam, where the patient died in <a href="L'H%C3%B4pital_Fran%C3%A7ais_De_Hano%C3%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Hôpital Français De Hanoï">Hanoi French Hospital</a>. Several of the medical staff who treated him soon developed the same disease despite basic hospital procedures. Italian doctor <a href="Carlo_Urbani" title="Carlo Urbani">Carlo Urbani</a> identified the threat and communicated it to WHO and the Vietnamese government; he later died from the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The severity of the symptoms and the infection among hospital staff alarmed global health authorities, who were fearful of another emergent pneumonia epidemic. On 12 March 2003, the WHO issued a <a href="Global_alert" title="Global alert">global alert</a>, followed by a health alert by the United States <a href="Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC). Local transmission of SARS took place in <a href="Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Ottawa, San Francisco, <a href="Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a>, <a href="Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, Singapore, Taiwan, Hanoi and Hong Kong whereas within China it spread to Guangdong, <a href="Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a>, Hebei, <a href="Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>, Shaanxi, <a href="Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>, Shanxi, <a href="Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>, and <a href="Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>.

</p>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Amoy_Gardens#SARS_outbreak" title="Amoy Gardens">Amoy Gardens § SARS outbreak</a></div>

<p>The disease spread in Hong Kong from Liu Jianlun, a Guangdong doctor who was treating patients at <a href="Sun_Yat-sen_University" title="Sun Yat-sen University">Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He arrived in February and stayed on the ninth floor of the Metropole Hotel in <a href="Kowloon" title="Kowloon">Kowloon</a>, infecting 16 of the hotel visitors. Those visitors traveled to Canada, Singapore, Taiwan, and Vietnam, spreading SARS to those locations.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Another larger cluster of cases in Hong Kong centred on the <a href="Amoy_Gardens" title="Amoy Gardens">Amoy Gardens</a> housing estate. Its spread is suspected to have been facilitated by defects in its bathroom drainage system that allowed sewer gases including virus particles to vent into the room. Bathroom fans exhausted the gases and wind carried the contagion to adjacent downwind complexes. Concerned citizens in Hong Kong worried that information was not reaching people quickly enough and created a website called sosick.org, which eventually forced the Hong Kong government to provide information related to SARS in a timely manner.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first cohort of affected people were discharged from hospital on 29 March 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="2002%E2%80%9304_SARS_outbreak_among_healthcare_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="2002–04 SARS outbreak among healthcare workers">2002–04 SARS outbreak among healthcare workers</a></div>

<p>The first case of SARS in <a href="Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> was identified on 23 February 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning with an elderly woman, Kwan Sui-Chu, who had returned from a trip to Hong Kong and died on 5 March, the virus eventually infected 257 individuals in the province of Ontario. The trajectory of this outbreak is typically divided into two phases, the first centring around her son Tse Chi Kwai, who infected other patients at the <a href="Scarborough_Grace_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarborough Grace Hospital">Scarborough Grace Hospital</a> and died on 13 March. The second major wave of cases was clustered around accidental exposure among patients, visitors, and staff within the <a href="North_York_General_Hospital" title="North York General Hospital">North York General Hospital</a>. The WHO officially removed Toronto from its list of infected areas by the end of June 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The official response by the Ontario provincial government and Canadian federal government has been widely criticized in the years following the outbreak. Brian Schwartz, vice-chair of Ontario's SARS Scientific Advisory Committee, described public health officials' preparedness and emergency response at the time of the outbreak as "very, very basic and minimal at best".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics of the response often cite poorly outlined and enforced protocol for protecting healthcare workers and identifying infected patients as a major contributing factor to the continued spread of the virus. The atmosphere of fear and uncertainty surrounding the outbreak resulted in staffing issues in area hospitals when healthcare workers elected to resign rather than risk exposure to SARS.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identification_of_virus">Identification of virus</h3></div>

<p>In late February 2003, Italian doctor <a href="Carlo_Urbani" title="Carlo Urbani">Carlo Urbani</a> was called into <a href="L'H%C3%B4pital_Fran%C3%A7ais_De_Hano%C3%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Hôpital Français De Hanoï">The French Hospital of Hanoi</a> to look at Johnny Chen, an American businessman who had fallen ill with what doctors thought was a bad case of <a href="Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a>. Urbani realized that Chen's ailment was probably a new and highly contagious disease. He immediately notified the WHO. He also persuaded the <a href="Ministry_of_Health_(Vietnam)" title="Ministry of Health (Vietnam)">Vietnamese Health Ministry</a> to begin isolating patients and screening travelers, thus slowing the early pace of the epidemic.<sup id="cite_ref-who_2004_04_21_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who_2004_04_21-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He subsequently contracted the disease himself, and died in March 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Malik_Peiris" title="Malik Peiris">Malik Peiris</a> and his colleagues became the first to isolate the virus that causes SARS,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="Novel_coronavirus" title="Novel coronavirus">novel coronavirus</a> now known as <a href="Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1">SARS-CoV-1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By June 2003, Peiris, together with his long-time collaborators <a href="Leo_Poon" title="Leo Poon">Leo Poon</a> and <a href="Guan_Yi" title="Guan Yi">Guan Yi</a>, has developed a rapid <a href="Laboratory_diagnosis_of_viral_infections" title="Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections">diagnostic</a> test for SARS-CoV-1 using <a href="Real-time_polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Real-time polymerase chain reaction">real-time polymerase chain reaction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CDC and Canada's National Microbiology Laboratory identified the SARS <a href="Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> in April 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientists at <a href="Erasmus_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasmus University">Erasmus University</a> in <a href="Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, the Netherlands demonstrated that the SARS coronavirus fulfilled <a href="Koch's_postulates" title="Koch's postulates">Koch's postulates</a> thereby suggesting it as the causative agent. In the experiments, <a href="Macaque" title="Macaque">macaques</a> infected with the virus developed the same symptoms as human SARS patients.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID_12748632_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID_12748632-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Origin_and_animal_vectors">Origin and animal vectors</h4></div>

<p>In late May 2003, a study was conducted using samples of wild animals sold as food in the local market in Guangdong, China.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12958366_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12958366-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study found that "SARS-like" coronaviruses could be isolated from <a href="Masked_palm_civet" title="Masked palm civet">masked palm civets</a> (<i>Paguma</i> sp.). Genomic sequencing determined that these animal viruses were very similar to human SARS viruses, however they were <a href="Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogenetically</a> distinct, and so the study concluded that it was unclear whether they were the natural reservoir in the wild. Still, more than 10,000 masked palm civets were killed in Guangdong Province since they were a "potential infectious source."<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16140765_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16140765-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The virus was also later found in <a href="Raccoon_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Raccoon dog">raccoon dogs</a> (<i>Nyctereuteus</i> sp.), <a href="Ferret_badger" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferret badger">ferret badgers</a> (<i>Melogale</i> spp.), and domestic cats.

</p><p>In 2005, two studies identified a number of SARS-like coronaviruses in Chinese bats.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID_16195424_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID_16195424-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PMID_16169905_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID_16169905-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phylogenetic analysis of these viruses indicated a high probability that SARS coronavirus originated in bats and spread to humans either directly or through animals held in Chinese markets. The bats did not show any visible signs of disease, but are the likely natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. In late 2006, scientists from the Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention of <a href="Hong_Kong_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong University">Hong Kong University</a> and the Guangzhou Centre for Disease Control and Prevention established a genetic link between the SARS coronavirus appearing in civets and in the second, 2004 human outbreak, bearing out claims that the disease had jumped across species.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>It took 14 years to find the original bat population likely responsible for the SARS pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2017, "after years of searching across China, where the disease first emerged, researchers reported ... that they had found a remote cave in <a href="Xiyang_Yi_Ethnic_Township" title="Xiyang Yi Ethnic Township">Xiyang Yi Ethnic Township</a>, Yunnan province, which is home to horseshoe bats that carry a strain of a particular virus known as a coronavirus. This strain has all the genetic building blocks of the type that triggered the global outbreak of SARS in 2002."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The research was performed by <a href="Shi_Zhengli" title="Shi Zhengli">Shi Zhengli</a>, Cui Jie, and co-workers at the <a href="Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology" title="Wuhan Institute of Virology">Wuhan Institute of Virology</a>, China, and published in <i><a href="PLOS_Pathogens" title="PLOS Pathogens">PLOS Pathogens</a></i>. The authors are quoted as stating that "another deadly outbreak of SARS could emerge at any time. The cave where they discovered their strain is only a kilometre from the nearest village."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The virus was ephemeral and seasonal in bats.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, a similar virus to SARS caused a cluster of infections in <a href="Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, eventually leading to the COVID-19 pandemic.

</p><p>A small number of cats and dogs tested positive for the virus during the outbreak. However, these animals did not transmit the virus to other animals of the same species or to humans.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Containment">Containment</h3></div>

<p>The World Health Organization declared severe acute respiratory syndrome contained on 5 July 2003. The containment was achieved through successful <a href="Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> measures.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following months, four SARS cases were reported in China between December 2003 and January 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>While SARS-CoV-1 probably persists as a potential zoonotic threat in its original animal reservoir, human-to-human transmission of this virus may be considered eradicated because no human case has been documented since four minor, brief, subsequent outbreaks in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laboratory_accidents">Laboratory accidents</h3></div>

<p>After containment, there were four laboratory accidents that resulted in infections.

</p>

<ul><li>One postdoctoral student at the National University of Singapore in <a href="Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> in August 2003<sup id="cite_ref-:4_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>A 44-year-old senior scientist at the National Defense University in Taipei in December 2003. He was confirmed to have the SARS virus after working on a SARS study in Taiwan's only BSL-4 lab. The Taiwan CDC later stated the infection occurred due to laboratory misconduct.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Two researchers at the Chinese Institute of Virology in Beijing, China around April 2004, who spread it to around six other people. The two researchers contracted it 2 weeks apart.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<p>Study of live SARS specimens requires a <a href="BSL-3" class="mw-redirect" title="BSL-3">biosafety level 3</a> (BSL-3) facility; some studies of inactivated SARS specimens can be done at biosafety level 2 facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2></div>

<p>Fear of contracting the virus from consuming infected wild animals resulted in public bans and reduced business for meat markets in southern China and Hong Kong. The WHO declared the end of the pandemic on 24 March 2004. <sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

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</style>

<ul><li><a href="2009_swine_flu_pandemic" title="2009 swine flu pandemic">2009 swine flu pandemic</a></li>

<li><a href="Aerosol" title="Aerosol">Aerosol</a></li>

<li><a href="Avian_influenza" title="Avian influenza">Avian influenza</a></li>

<li><a href="Bat-borne_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bat-borne virus">Bat-borne virus</a></li>

<li><a href="Coronavirus_disease_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronavirus disease 2019">Coronavirus disease 2019</a> – a disease caused by <a href="Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2">Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_crisis" title="Health crisis">Health crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_in_China" title="Health in China">Health in China</a></li>

<li><a href="Healthy_building" title="Healthy building">Healthy building</a></li>

<li><a href="Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_medical_professionals_who_died_during_the_SARS_outbreak" title="List of medical professionals who died during the SARS outbreak">List of medical professionals who died during the SARS outbreak</a></li>

<li><a href="Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East respiratory syndrome">Middle East respiratory syndrome</a> – a coronavirus discovered in June 2012 in Saudi Arabia</li>

<li><a href="SARS_conspiracy_theory" title="SARS conspiracy theory">SARS conspiracy theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Sick_building_syndrome" title="Sick building syndrome">Sick building syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Zhong_Nanshan" title="Zhong Nanshan">Zhong Nanshan</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFLikhacheva2006" class="citation journal cs1">Likhacheva A (April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/sars-revisited/2006-04">"SARS Revisited"</a>. <i>The Virtual Mentor</i>. <b>8</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">219–</span>22. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fvirtualmentor.2006.8.4.jdsc1-0604">10.1001/virtualmentor.2006.8.4.jdsc1-0604</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23241619">23241619</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200507053554/https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/sars-revisited/2006-04">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2020</span>. <q>SARS—the acronym for sudden acute respiratory syndrome</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWalkerKo2007" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, C. M.; Ko, G. (2007). "Effect of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation on viral aerosols". <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>. <b>41</b> (15): <span class="nowrap">5460–</span>5465. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007EnST...41.5460W">2007EnST...41.5460W</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes070056u">10.1021/es070056u</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17822117">17822117</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAl-JuhaishiAziz2022" class="citation journal cs1">Al-Juhaishi, Atheer Majid Rashid; Aziz, Noor D. (12 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pharmacoj.com/ojs/index.php/Medph/article/view/8">"Safety and Efficacy of antiviral drugs against covid-19 infection: an updated systemic review"</a>. <i>Medical and Pharmaceutical Journal</i>. <b>1</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">45–</span>55. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.55940%2Fmedphar20226">10.55940/medphar20226</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2957-6067">2957-6067</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252960321">252960321</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220044327/http://pharmacoj.com/ojs/index.php/Medph/article/view/8">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The locality was referred to be "a cave in <a href="Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a>" in earlier sources because the <a href="Xiyang_Yi_Ethnic_Township" title="Xiyang Yi Ethnic Township">Xiyang Yi Ethnic Township</a> is administratively part of Kunming, though 70 km apart. Xiyang was identified on <cite id="CITEREFWangLiYangHuang2018" class="citation journal cs1">Wang N, Li SY, Yang XL, Huang HM, Zhang YJ, Guo H, et al. (February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecohealthalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Virologica-Sinica-SARSr.pdf">"Serological Evidence of Bat SARS-Related Coronavirus Infection in Humans, China"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Virologica Sinica</i>. <b>33</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">104–</span>107. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12250-018-0012-7">10.1007/s12250-018-0012-7</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6178078">6178078</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29500691">29500691</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101125740/https://www.ecohealthalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Virologica-Sinica-SARSr.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite>

<ul><li>For an earlier interview of the researchers about the locality of the caves, see: <cite id="CITEREF吴跃伟2017" class="citation news cs1">吴跃伟 (8 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1897724">"专访"病毒猎人"：在昆明一蝙蝠洞发现SARS病毒所有基因"</a>. <i>澎湃新闻</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314180327/https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1897724">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></li></ul>

</span></li>

<li id="cite_note-Chan2003-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chan2003_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chan2003_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chan2003_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChan-YeungXu2003" class="citation journal cs1">Chan-Yeung M, Xu RH (November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169193">"SARS: epidemiology"</a>. <i>Respirology</i>. <b>8</b> (s1): S9-14. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1440-1843.2003.00518.x">10.1046/j.1440-1843.2003.00518.x</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169193">7169193</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15018127">15018127</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-nhssars-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nhssars_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/SARS/Pages/Introduction.aspx">"SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)"</a>. <i><a href="NHS_Choices" class="mw-redirect" title="NHS Choices">NHS Choices</a></i>. UK <a href="National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a>. 3 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311232941/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/sars/Pages/introduction.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2016</span>. <q>Since 2004, there haven't been any known cases of SARS reported anywhere in the world.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/new-coronavirus-stable-hours-surfaces">"New coronavirus stable for hours on surfaces"</a>. <i>National Institutes of Health (NIH)</i>. NIH.gov. 17 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200323032520/https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/new-coronavirus-stable-hours-surfaces">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

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<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2003/12/taiwanese-sars-researcher-infected">"Taiwanese SARS researcher infected"</a>. 17 December 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513005241/https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2003/12/taiwanese-sars-researcher-infected">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov.tw/En/Category/ListContent/bg0g_VU_Ysrgkes_KRUDgQ?uaid=u1D6dRGtmP4Q5YA1GmSKIw">"SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513005244/https://www.cdc.gov.tw/En/Category/ListContent/bg0g_VU_Ysrgkes_KRUDgQ?uaid=u1D6dRGtmP4Q5YA1GmSKIw">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:5-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-scientist.com/news-analysis/sars-escaped-beijing-lab-twice-50137">"SARS escaped Beijing lab twice"</a>. <i>The Scientist Magazine®</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200514073727/https://www.the-scientist.com/news-analysis/sars-escaped-beijing-lab-twice-50137">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

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</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFSihoeWongLeeLau2004" class="citation journal cs1">Sihoe AD, Wong RH, Lee AT, Lau LS, Leung NY, Law KI, Yim AP (June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7094543">"Severe acute respiratory syndrome complicated by spontaneous pneumothorax"</a>. <i>Chest</i>. <b>125</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">2345–</span>51. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1378%2Fchest.125.6.2345">10.1378/chest.125.6.2345</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7094543">7094543</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15189961">15189961</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFEnserink2013" class="citation journal cs1">Enserink M (March 2013). "War stories". <i>Science</i>. <b>339</b> (6125): <span class="nowrap">1264–</span>8. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.339.6125.1264">10.1126/science.339.6125.1264</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23493690">23493690</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFEnserink2013" class="citation journal cs1">Enserink M (March 2013). "SARS: chronology of the epidemic". <i>Science</i>. <b>339</b> (6125): <span class="nowrap">1266–</span>71. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...339.1266E">2013Sci...339.1266E</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.339.6125.1266">10.1126/science.339.6125.1266</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23493691">23493691</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNormile2013" class="citation journal cs1">Normile D (March 2013). "Understanding the enemy". <i>Science</i>. <b>339</b> (6125): <span class="nowrap">1269–</span>73. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...339.1269N">2013Sci...339.1269N</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.339.6125.1269">10.1126/science.339.6125.1269</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23493692">23493692</a>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:SARS" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:SARS">SARS</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/severeacuterespiratorysyndrome.html">MedlinePlus: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome</a> News, links and information from The United States <a href="National_Library_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Medicine">National Library of Medicine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/csr/sars/en/">Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Symptoms and treatment guidelines, travel advisory, and daily outbreak updates</a>, from the <a href="World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160412085632/http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/sars/">Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)</a>: information on the international outbreak of the illness known as a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), provided by the US <a href="Centers_for_Disease_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Centers for Disease Control">Centers for Disease Control</a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox32" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103177" class="extiw external" title="d:Q103177">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="ICD-11" title="ICD-11">11</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#652944603">1D65</a></li><li><b><a href="International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/U04">U04</a></li><li><b><a href="International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=079.82">079.82</a></li><li><b><a href="Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D045169">D045169</a></li><li><b><a href="Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb32835.htm">32835</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007192.htm">007192</a></li><li><b><a href="EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/med/3662-overview">med/3662</a></li><li><b><a href="Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome">SARS</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style><div id="Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_(SARS)208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<li><a href="SARS-related_coronavirus" title="SARS-related coronavirus">SARSr-CoV</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak" title="2002–2004 SARS outbreak">2002–2004 SARS outbreak</a>

<ul><li><a href="2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak_among_healthcare_workers" title="2002–2004 SARS outbreak among healthcare workers">Outbreak among healthcare workers</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_medical_professionals_who_died_during_the_SARS_outbreak" title="List of medical professionals who died during the SARS outbreak">List of medical professionals who died</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_China_Flight_112" title="Air China Flight 112">Air China Flight 112</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="SARS_conspiracy_theory" title="SARS conspiracy theory">SARS conspiracy theory</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Zhong_Nanshan" title="Zhong Nanshan">Zhong Nanshan</a></li>

<li><a href="Ab_Osterhaus" title="Ab Osterhaus">Ab Osterhaus</a></li>

<li><a href="Joanna_Tse" title="Joanna Tse">Joanna Tse</a></li>

<li><a href="Carlo_Urbani" title="Carlo Urbani">Carlo Urbani</a></li>

<li><a href="Jiang_Yanyong" title="Jiang Yanyong">Jiang Yanyong</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Plague_City%3A_SARS_in_Toronto" title="Plague City: SARS in Toronto">Plague City: SARS in Toronto</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Molson_Canadian_Rocks_for_Toronto" title="Molson Canadian Rocks for Toronto">Molson Canadian Rocks for Toronto</a></li>

<li><a href="1%3A99_Concert" title="1:99 Concert">1:99 Concert</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Contagion_(2011_film)" title="Contagion (2011 film)">Contagion</a></i></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus">Coronavirus</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_alert" title="Global alert">Global alert</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_in_China" title="Health in China">Health in China</a></li>

<li><a href="COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>

<li><a href="COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_the_respiratory_system378" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diseases_of_the_respiratory_system378" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">Diseases of the respiratory system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Upper_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Upper respiratory tract infection">Upper RT</a><br>(including <a href="Upper_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Upper respiratory tract infection">URTIs</a>,<br><a href="Common_cold" title="Common cold">common cold</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Human_head" title="Human head">Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dt><i><a href="Paranasal_sinuses" title="Paranasal sinuses">sinuses</a></i></dt>

<dd><a href="Sinusitis" title="Sinusitis">Sinusitis</a></dd></dl>

<dd><a href="Rhinitis" title="Rhinitis">Rhinitis</a>

<dl><dd><a href="Nonallergic_rhinitis" title="Nonallergic rhinitis">Vasomotor rhinitis</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Chronic_atrophic_rhinitis" title="Chronic atrophic rhinitis">Atrophic rhinitis</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Allergic_rhinitis" title="Allergic rhinitis">Hay fever</a></dd></dl></dd>

<dd><a href="Nasal_polyp" title="Nasal polyp">Nasal polyp</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Rhinorrhea" title="Rhinorrhea">Rhinorrhea</a></dd>

<dd><i><a href="Nasal_septum" title="Nasal septum">nasal septum</a></i>

<dl><dd><a href="Nasal_septum_deviation" title="Nasal septum deviation">Nasal septum deviation</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Nasal_septum_perforation" title="Nasal septum perforation">Nasal septum perforation</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Cocaine-induced_midline_destructive_lesions" title="Cocaine-induced midline destructive lesions">Cocaine-induced midline destructive lesions</a> (CIMDL)</dd>

<dd><a href="Nasal_septal_hematoma" title="Nasal septal hematoma">Nasal septal hematoma</a></dd></dl></dd></dl>

<dl><dt><i><a href="Tonsil" title="Tonsil">tonsil</a></i></dt>

<dd><a href="Tonsillitis" title="Tonsillitis">Tonsillitis</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Adenoid_hypertrophy" title="Adenoid hypertrophy">Adenoid hypertrophy</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Peritonsillar_abscess" title="Peritonsillar abscess">Peritonsillar abscess</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Neck" title="Neck">Neck</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dt><i><a href="Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a></i></dt>

<dd><a href="Pharyngitis" title="Pharyngitis">Pharyngitis</a>

<dl><dd><a href="Streptococcal_pharyngitis" title="Streptococcal pharyngitis">Strep throat</a></dd></dl></dd>

<dd><a href="Laryngopharyngeal_reflux" title="Laryngopharyngeal reflux">Laryngopharyngeal reflux</a> (LPR)</dd>

<dd><a href="Retropharyngeal_abscess" title="Retropharyngeal abscess">Retropharyngeal abscess</a></dd></dl>

<dl><dt><i><a href="Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a></i></dt>

<dd><a href="Croup" title="Croup">Croup</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Laryngomalacia" title="Laryngomalacia">Laryngomalacia</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Laryngeal_cyst" title="Laryngeal cyst">Laryngeal cyst</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Laryngitis" title="Laryngitis">Laryngitis</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Laryngopharyngeal_reflux" title="Laryngopharyngeal reflux">Laryngopharyngeal reflux</a> (LPR)</dd>

<dd><a href="Laryngospasm" title="Laryngospasm">Laryngospasm</a></dd></dl>

<dl><dt><i><a href="Vocal_cords" title="Vocal cords">vocal cords</a></i></dt>

<dd><a href="Laryngopharyngeal_reflux" title="Laryngopharyngeal reflux">Laryngopharyngeal reflux</a> (LPR)</dd>

<dd><a href="Vocal_cord_nodule" title="Vocal cord nodule">Vocal fold nodule</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Vocal_cord_paresis" title="Vocal cord paresis">Vocal fold paresis</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Vocal_cord_dysfunction" title="Vocal cord dysfunction">Vocal cord dysfunction</a></dd></dl>

<dl><dt><i><a href="Epiglottis" title="Epiglottis">epiglottis</a></i></dt>

<dd><a href="Epiglottitis" title="Epiglottitis">Epiglottitis</a></dd></dl>

<dl><dt><i><a href="Trachea" title="Trachea">trachea</a></i></dt>

<dd><a href="Tracheitis" title="Tracheitis">Tracheitis</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Laryngotracheal_stenosis" title="Laryngotracheal stenosis">Laryngotracheal stenosis</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lower_respiratory_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower respiratory tract">Lower RT</a>/<br><a href="Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">lung disease</a><br>(including <a href="Lower_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Lower respiratory tract infection">LRTIs</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Bronchus" title="Bronchus">Bronchial</a>/<br><a href="Obstructive_lung_disease" title="Obstructive lung disease">obstructive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dt><i>acute</i></dt>

<dd><a href="Acute_bronchitis" title="Acute bronchitis">Acute bronchitis</a></dd></dl>

<dl><dt><i>chronic</i></dt>

<dl><dd><a href="Bronchitis#Chronic_bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">Chronic bronchitis</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Acute_exacerbation_of_chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">Acute exacerbation of COPD</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="Asthma" title="Asthma">Asthma</a> (<a href="Status_asthmaticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Status asthmaticus">Status asthmaticus</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Exercise-induced_asthma" class="mw-redirect" title="Exercise-induced asthma">Exercise-induced</a></dd></dl></dd>

<dd><a href="Bronchiectasis" title="Bronchiectasis">Bronchiectasis</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">Cystic fibrosis</a></dd></dl>

<dl><dt><i>unspecified</i></dt>

<dd><a href="Bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">Bronchitis</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Bronchiolitis" title="Bronchiolitis">Bronchiolitis</a>

<dl><dd><a href="Bronchiolitis_obliterans" title="Bronchiolitis obliterans">Bronchiolitis obliterans</a></dd></dl></dd>

<dd><a href="Diffuse_panbronchiolitis" title="Diffuse panbronchiolitis">Diffuse panbronchiolitis</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Interstitial_lung_disease" title="Interstitial lung disease">Interstitial</a>/<br><a href="Restrictive_lung_disease" title="Restrictive lung disease">restrictive</a><br>(<a href="Pulmonary_fibrosis" title="Pulmonary fibrosis">fibrosis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">External agents/<br><a href="Occupational_disease" title="Occupational disease">occupational</a><br><a href="Occupational_lung_disease" title="Occupational lung disease">lung disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dd><a href="Pneumoconiosis" title="Pneumoconiosis">Pneumoconiosis</a>

<dl><dd><a href="Aluminosis" title="Aluminosis">Aluminosis</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Asbestosis" title="Asbestosis">Asbestosis</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Baritosis" title="Baritosis">Baritosis</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Bauxite_fibrosis" title="Bauxite fibrosis">Bauxite fibrosis</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Berylliosis" title="Berylliosis">Berylliosis</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Caplan's_syndrome" title="Caplan's syndrome">Caplan's syndrome</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Chalicosis" title="Chalicosis">Chalicosis</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Coalworker's_pneumoconiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalworker's pneumoconiosis">Coalworker's pneumoconiosis</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Siderosis" title="Siderosis">Siderosis</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Silicosis" title="Silicosis">Silicosis</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Pulmonary_talcosis" title="Pulmonary talcosis">Talcosis</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Byssinosis" title="Byssinosis">Byssinosis</a></dd></dl></dd></dl>

<dl><dd><a href="Hypersensitivity_pneumonitis" title="Hypersensitivity pneumonitis">Hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a>

<dl><dd><a href="Bagassosis" title="Bagassosis">Bagassosis</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Bird_fancier's_lung" title="Bird fancier's lung">Bird fancier's lung</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Farmer's_lung" title="Farmer's lung">Farmer's lung</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Lycoperdonosis" title="Lycoperdonosis">Lycoperdonosis</a></dd></dl></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Combined_pulmonary_fibrosis_and_emphysema" title="Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema">Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulmonary_edema" title="Pulmonary edema">Pulmonary edema</a></li>

<li><a href="L%C3%B6ffler's_syndrome" title="Löffler's syndrome">Löffler's syndrome</a>/<a href="Eosinophilic_pneumonia" title="Eosinophilic pneumonia">Eosinophilic pneumonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Respiratory_hypersensitivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory hypersensitivity">Respiratory hypersensitivity</a>

<ul><li><a href="Allergic_bronchopulmonary_aspergillosis" title="Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis">Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hamman%E2%80%93Rich_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamman–Rich syndrome">Hamman–Rich syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Idiopathic_pulmonary_fibrosis" title="Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis">Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Sarcoidosis" title="Sarcoidosis">Sarcoidosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Vaping-associated_pulmonary_injury" title="Vaping-associated pulmonary injury">Vaping-associated pulmonary injury</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obstructive /<br> Restrictive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">Pneumonia</a>/<br><a href="Pneumonitis" title="Pneumonitis">pneumonitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By pathogen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Viral_pneumonia" title="Viral pneumonia">Viral</a></li>

<li><a href="Bacterial_pneumonia" title="Bacterial pneumonia">Bacterial</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pneumococcal_infection" title="Pneumococcal infection">Pneumococcal</a></li>

<li><a href="Klebsiella_pneumoniae#Klebsiella_pneumonia" title="Klebsiella pneumoniae">Klebsiella</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Atypical_pneumonia" title="Atypical pneumonia">Atypical bacterial</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mycoplasma_pneumonia" title="Mycoplasma pneumonia">Mycoplasma</a></li>

<li><a href="Legionellosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionellosis">Legionnaires' disease</a></li>

<li><a href="Chlamydiota" title="Chlamydiota">Chlamydiae</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Fungal_pneumonia" title="Fungal pneumonia">Fungal</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pneumocystis_pneumonia" title="Pneumocystis pneumonia">Pneumocystis</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Parasitic_pneumonia" title="Parasitic pneumonia">Parasitic</a></li>

<li><i>noninfectious</i>

<ul><li><a href="Chemical_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical pneumonia">Chemical</a>/<a href="Mendelson's_syndrome" title="Mendelson's syndrome">Mendelson's syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Aspiration_pneumonia" title="Aspiration pneumonia">Aspiration</a>/<a href="Lipid_pneumonia" title="Lipid pneumonia">Lipid</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By vector/route</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Community-acquired_pneumonia" title="Community-acquired pneumonia">Community-acquired</a></li>

<li><a href="Healthcare-associated_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare-associated pneumonia">Healthcare-associated</a></li>

<li><a href="Hospital-acquired_pneumonia" title="Hospital-acquired pneumonia">Hospital-acquired</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By distribution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bronchopneumonia" title="Bronchopneumonia">Broncho-</a></li>

<li><a href="Lobar_pneumonia" title="Lobar pneumonia">Lobar</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Idiopathic_interstitial_pneumonia" title="Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia">IIP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Atelectasis" title="Atelectasis">Atelectasis</a></li>

<li><i>circulatory</i>

<ul><li><a href="Pulmonary_hypertension" title="Pulmonary hypertension">Pulmonary hypertension</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">Pulmonary embolism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lung_abscess" title="Lung abscess">Lung abscess</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pleural_cavity" title="Pleural cavity">Pleural cavity</a>/<br><a href="Mediastinum" title="Mediastinum">mediastinum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pleural_disease" title="Pleural disease">Pleural disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pleurisy" title="Pleurisy">Pleuritis/pleurisy</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Pneumothorax" title="Pneumothorax">Pneumothorax</a>/<a href="Hemopneumothorax" title="Hemopneumothorax">Hemopneumothorax</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt><a href="Pleural_effusion" title="Pleural effusion">Pleural effusion</a></dt>

<dd><a href="Hemothorax" title="Hemothorax">Hemothorax</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Hydrothorax" title="Hydrothorax">Hydrothorax</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Chylothorax" title="Chylothorax">Chylothorax</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Pleural_empyema" title="Pleural empyema">Empyema/pyothorax</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Malignant_pleural_effusion" title="Malignant pleural effusion">Malignant</a></dd></dl>

<dl><dd><a href="Fibrothorax" title="Fibrothorax">Fibrothorax</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mediastinal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediastinal disease">Mediastinal disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mediastinitis" title="Mediastinitis">Mediastinitis</a></li>

<li><a href="Pneumomediastinum" title="Pneumomediastinum">Mediastinal emphysema</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other/general</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Respiratory_failure" title="Respiratory failure">Respiratory failure</a></li>

<li><a href="Influenza" title="Influenza">Influenza</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_cold" title="Common cold">Common cold</a></li>

<li><a href="COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a></li>

<li><a href="Idiopathic_pulmonary_haemosiderosis" title="Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis">Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulmonary_alveolar_proteinosis" title="Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis">Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Infectious_diseases_–_viral_systemic_diseases519" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Infectious_diseases_–_viral_systemic_diseases519" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Infection" title="Infection">Infectious diseases</a> – <a href="Viral_disease" title="Viral disease">viral systemic diseases</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Oncovirus" title="Oncovirus">Oncovirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dt><a href="DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></dt>

<dl><dd><a href="Hepatocellular_carcinoma" title="Hepatocellular carcinoma">Hepatocellular carcinoma</a></dd></dl></dd>

<dl><dd><a href="Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">Cervical cancer</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Anal_cancer" title="Anal cancer">Anal cancer</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Penile_cancer" title="Penile cancer">Penile cancer</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Vulvar_cancer" title="Vulvar cancer">Vulvar cancer</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Vaginal_cancer" title="Vaginal cancer">Vaginal cancer</a></dd>

<dd><a href="HPV-positive_oropharyngeal_cancer" title="HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer">Oropharyngeal cancer</a></dd></dl></dd>

<dl><dd><a href="Kaposi's_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a></dd></dl></dd>

<dl><dd><a href="Nasopharyngeal_carcinoma" title="Nasopharyngeal carcinoma">Nasopharyngeal carcinoma</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Burkitt's_lymphoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkitt's lymphoma">Burkitt's lymphoma</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Hodgkin_lymphoma" title="Hodgkin lymphoma">Hodgkin lymphoma</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Follicular_dendritic_cell_sarcoma" title="Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma">Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Extranodal_NK/T-cell_lymphoma%2C_nasal_type" title="Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type">Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type</a></dd></dl></dd>

<dd><i><a href="Merkel_cell_polyomavirus" title="Merkel cell polyomavirus">MCPyV</a></i>

<dl><dd><a href="Merkel-cell_carcinoma" title="Merkel-cell carcinoma">Merkel-cell carcinoma</a></dd></dl></dd></dl>

<dl><dt><a href="RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></dt>

<dl><dd><a href="Hepatocellular_carcinoma" title="Hepatocellular carcinoma">Hepatocellular carcinoma</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Splenic_marginal_zone_lymphoma" title="Splenic marginal zone lymphoma">Splenic marginal zone lymphoma</a></dd></dl></dd>

<dl><dd><a href="Adult_T-cell_leukemia/lymphoma" title="Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma">Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma</a></dd></dl></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Immune_disorder" title="Immune disorder">Immune disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Central_nervous_system_viral_disease" title="Central nervous system viral disease">Central<br> nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Viral_encephalitis" title="Viral encephalitis">Encephalitis</a>/<br><a href="Viral_meningitis" title="Viral meningitis">meningitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dt><a href="DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></dt>

<dd><i><a href="Human_polyomavirus_2" title="Human polyomavirus 2">Human polyomavirus 2</a></i>

<dl><dd><a href="Progressive_multifocal_leukoencephalopathy" title="Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy">Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy</a></dd></dl></dd></dl>

<dl><dt><a href="RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></dt>

<dl><dd><a href="Subacute_sclerosing_panencephalitis" title="Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis">Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis</a></dd></dl></dd>

<dl><dd><a href="Lymphocytic_choriomeningitis" title="Lymphocytic choriomeningitis">Lymphocytic choriomeningitis</a></dd></dl></dd>

<dd><a href="Arbovirus_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbovirus encephalitis">Arbovirus encephalitis</a></dd>

<dd><i><a href="Orthomyxoviridae" title="Orthomyxoviridae">Orthomyxoviridae</a></i> (probable)

<dl><dd><a href="Encephalitis_lethargica" title="Encephalitis lethargica">Encephalitis lethargica</a></dd></dl></dd>

<dl><dd><a href="Rabies" title="Rabies">Rabies</a></dd></dl></dd>

<dd><a href="Chandipura_vesiculovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandipura vesiculovirus">Chandipura vesiculovirus</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Herpesviral_meningitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpesviral meningitis">Herpesviral meningitis</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Ramsay_Hunt_syndrome_type_2" title="Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2">Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Myelitis" title="Myelitis">Myelitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Poliovirus" title="Poliovirus">Poliovirus</a></i>

<ul><li><a href="Polio" title="Polio">Poliomyelitis</a></li>

<li><a href="Post-polio_syndrome" title="Post-polio syndrome">Post-polio syndrome</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Tropical_spastic_paraparesis" title="Tropical spastic paraparesis">Tropical spastic paraparesis</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Eye_disease" title="Eye disease">Eye</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">Cytomegalovirus</a></i>

<ul><li><a href="Cytomegalovirus_retinitis" title="Cytomegalovirus retinitis">Cytomegalovirus retinitis</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Herpes_simplex_keratitis" title="Herpes simplex keratitis">Herpes of the eye</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pericarditis" title="Pericarditis">Pericarditis</a></li>

<li><a href="Myocarditis" title="Myocarditis">Myocarditis</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a>/<br><a href="Common_cold" title="Common cold">acute viral<br>nasopharyngitis</a>/<br><a href="Viral_pneumonia" title="Viral pneumonia">viral pneumonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus" title="Epstein–Barr virus">Epstein–Barr virus</a></i>

<ul><li><a href="Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus_infection" title="Epstein–Barr virus infection">EBV infection</a>/<a href="Infectious_mononucleosis" title="Infectious mononucleosis">Infectious mononucleosis</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">Cytomegalovirus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="RNA_virus#Group_IV_–_positive-sense_ssRNA_viruses" title="RNA virus">IV</a>: <i><a href="Human_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human coronavirus">Human coronavirus</a> <a href="Human_coronavirus_229E" title="Human coronavirus 229E">229E</a>/<a href="Human_coronavirus_NL63" title="Human coronavirus NL63">NL63</a>/<a href="Human_coronavirus_HKU1" title="Human coronavirus HKU1">HKU1</a>/<a href="Human_coronavirus_OC43" title="Human coronavirus OC43">OC43</a></i>

<ul><li><a href="Common_cold" title="Common cold">Common cold</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome%E2%80%93related_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus">MERS coronavirus</a></i>

<ul><li><a href="Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East respiratory syndrome">Middle East respiratory syndrome</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus">SARS coronavirus</a></i>

<ul><li><a href="Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome">Severe acute respiratory syndrome</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="RNA_virus#Group_V_–_negative-sense_ssRNA_viruses" title="RNA virus">V</a>, <i><a href="Orthomyxoviridae" title="Orthomyxoviridae">Orthomyxoviridae</a></i>: <i><a href="Influenza_A_virus" title="Influenza A virus">Influenza virus A</a>/<a href="Influenza_B_virus" title="Influenza B virus">B</a>/<a href="Influenza_C_virus" title="Influenza C virus">C</a>/<a href="Influenza_D_virus" title="Influenza D virus">D</a></i>

<ul><li><a href="Influenza" title="Influenza">Influenza</a>/<a href="Avian_influenza" title="Avian influenza">Avian influenza</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li>V, <i><a href="Paramyxoviridae" title="Paramyxoviridae">Paramyxoviridae</a></i>: <i><a href="Human_parainfluenza_viruses" title="Human parainfluenza viruses">Human parainfluenza viruses</a></i>

<ul><li><a href="Human_parainfluenza_viruses" title="Human parainfluenza viruses">Parainfluenza</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Human_orthopneumovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human orthopneumovirus">Human orthopneumovirus</a></i></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">Human<br> digestive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Pharynx</a>/<a href="Esophagus" title="Esophagus">Esophagus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mumps" title="Mumps">Mumps</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">Cytomegalovirus</a></i>

<ul><li><a href="Cytomegalovirus_esophagitis" title="Cytomegalovirus esophagitis">Cytomegalovirus esophagitis</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Gastroenteritis#Viral" title="Gastroenteritis">Gastroenteritis</a>/<br><a href="Gastroenteritis#Virus" title="Gastroenteritis">diarrhea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dt><a href="DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></dt>

<dd><i><a href="Adenoviridae" title="Adenoviridae">Adenovirus</a></i>

<dl><dd><a href="Adenovirus_infection" title="Adenovirus infection">Adenovirus infection</a></dd></dl></dd></dl>

<dl><dt><a href="RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></dt>

<dd><i><a href="Rotavirus" title="Rotavirus">Rotavirus</a></i> (<a href="Rotaviral_gastroenteritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotaviral gastroenteritis">Gastroenteritis</a>)</dd>

<dd><i><a href="Norovirus" title="Norovirus">Norovirus</a></i></dd>

<dd><i><a href="Astrovirus" title="Astrovirus">Astrovirus</a></i></dd>

<dd><i><a href="Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus">Coronavirus</a></i></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Viral_hepatitis" title="Viral hepatitis">Hepatitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dt><a href="DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></dt>

<dl><dt><a href="RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></dt>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">Pancreatitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">Urogenital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="BK_virus" title="BK virus">BK virus</a></i></li>

<ul><li><a href="Mumps" title="Mumps">Mumps</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Health_in_China200" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Health_in_China200" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Health_in_China" title="Health in China">Health in China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Health_care" title="Health care">Healthcare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Health_in_China" title="Health in China">Health</a></li>

<li><a href="Disease_surveillance_in_China" title="Disease surveillance in China">Disease surveillance</a></li>

<li><a href="Healthcare_reform_in_China" title="Healthcare reform in China">Healthcare system reform</a></li>

<li><a href="Women's_health_in_China" title="Women's health in China">Women's health</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_informatics_in_China" title="Health informatics in China">Health informatics</a></li>

<li><a href="Barefoot_doctor" title="Barefoot doctor">Barefoot doctor</a></li>

<li><a href="Patriotic_Health_Campaign" title="Patriotic Health Campaign">Patriotic Health Campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="China_Welfare_Institute" title="China Welfare Institute">China Welfare Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_hospitals_in_China" title="List of hospitals in China">Hospitals in China</a>

<ul><li><a href="Classification_of_Chinese_hospitals" title="Classification of Chinese hospitals">Classification</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Medical schools</li>

<li><a href="Organ_transplantation_in_China" title="Organ transplantation in China">Organ transplantation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Medicine_in_China" title="Medicine in China">Medicine in China</a></li>

<li><a href="Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a></li>

<li><a href="Pharmacy_in_China" title="Pharmacy in China">Pharmacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Pharmaceutical_industry_in_China" title="Pharmaceutical industry in China">Pharmaceutical industry</a></li>

<li><a href="Biotechnology_industry_in_China" title="Biotechnology industry in China">Biotechnology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Disease" title="Disease">Diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Avian_influenza" title="Avian influenza">Avian influenza</a></li>

<li><a href="Betaarterivirus_suid_1" title="Betaarterivirus suid 1">Blue-ear disease</a></li>

<li><a href="Cardiovascular_disease_in_China" title="Cardiovascular disease in China">Cardiovascular disease</a></li>

<li><a href="Chronic_disease_in_China" title="Chronic disease in China">Chronic diseases</a></li>

<li><a href="Enterovirus" title="Enterovirus">Enterovirus 71 (EV71)</a></li>

<li><a href="Fujian_flu" title="Fujian flu">Fujian flu</a></li>

<li><a href="Hepatitis_B_in_China" title="Hepatitis B in China">Hepatitis B</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Plasma_Economy" title="Plasma Economy">Plasma Economy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Iodine_deficiency_in_China" title="Iodine deficiency in China">Iodine deficiency</a></li>

<li><a href="2009_Chinese_lead_poisoning_scandal" title="2009 Chinese lead poisoning scandal">lead poisoning scandal</a></li>

<li><a href="Leprosy_in_China" title="Leprosy in China">Leprosy</a></li>

<li><a href="Mental_health_in_China" title="Mental health in China">Mental health</a></li>

<li><a href="Obesity_in_China" title="Obesity in China">Obesity</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_opium_in_China" title="History of opium in China">Opium</a></li>

<li><a href="Pneumonic_plague#China" title="Pneumonic plague">Pneumonic plague</a></li>

<li><a href="Stroke_in_China" title="Stroke in China">Stroke</a></li>

<li><a href="Tuberculosis_in_China" title="Tuberculosis in China">Tuberculosis</a></li>

<li>Disease-related deaths</li>

<li><a href="2009_flu_pandemic_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 flu pandemic in Asia">Swine influenza outbreak</a></li>

<li><a href="2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak" title="2002–2004 SARS outbreak">SARS pandemic</a> (2003)</li>

<ul><li><a href="COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" title="COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China">COVID-19 pandemic</a> (2020)</li>

<li><a href="SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta variant</a> (2021)</li>

<li><a href="SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">Omicron variant</a> (2022)</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ministry_(government_department)" title="Ministry (government department)">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="National_Health_Commission" title="National Health Commission">National Health Commission</a>

<ul><li><a href="National_Administration_of_Traditional_Chinese_Medicine" title="National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine">National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Administration_of_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="National Administration of Disease Control and Prevention">National Administration of Disease Control and Prevention</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_Center_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention">Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="National_Medical_Products_Administration" title="National Medical Products Administration">National Medical Products Administration</a></li>

<li><a href="Department_of_Health_(Hong_Kong)" title="Department of Health (Hong Kong)"><i>Hong Kong Department of Health</i></a> *</li>

<li><a href="Secretariat_for_Social_Affairs_and_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for Social Affairs and Culture"><i>Macau Secretariat for Social Affairs and Culture</i></a> *</li>

<li><a href="General_Administration_of_Customs" title="General Administration of Customs">General Administration of Customs</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Healthcare_Security_Administration" title="National Healthcare Security Administration">National Healthcare Security Administration</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Demographics_of_China" title="Demographics of China">Demographics</a></li>

<li><a href="Asian_Dust" title="Asian Dust">Dust storms</a></li>

<li><a href="Environment_of_China" title="Environment of China">Environment</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_safety_in_China" title="Food safety in China">Food safety</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_drug_trade_in_China" title="Illegal drug trade in China">Illegal drug trade</a></li>

<li><a href="Pollution_in_China" title="Pollution in China">Pollution</a></li>

<li><a href="Population_history_of_China" title="Population history of China">Population history</a></li>

<li><a href="Poverty_in_China" title="Poverty in China">Poverty</a></li>

<li><a href="Prostitution_in_China" title="Prostitution in China">Prostitution</a></li>

<li><a href="Smoking_in_China" title="Smoking in China">Smoking</a></li>

<li><a href="Vegetarianism_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarianism in China">Vegetarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Violence_against_doctors_in_China" title="Violence against doctors in China">Violence against doctors in China</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_China" title="Water supply and sanitation in China">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="China%E2%80%93Cornell%E2%80%93Oxford_Project" title="China–Cornell–Oxford Project">China–Cornell–Oxford Project</a> <i>(<a href="The_China_Study" title="The China Study">The China Study</a>)</i></li>

<li><a href="China_Family_Panel_Studies" title="China Family Panel Studies">China Family Panel Studies</a></li>

<li><a href="China_Health_and_Retirement_Longitudinal_Study" title="China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study">China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> * only in special administrative regions</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Hong_Kong_since_199788" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History_of_Hong_Kong_since_199788" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="History_of_Hong_Kong" title="History of Hong Kong">History of Hong Kong</a> <a href="Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">since 1997</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1997</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">Handover of Hong Kong</a></li>

<li><a href="1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="1998_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="1998 Hong Kong legislative election">1st Legislative Council elections</a></li>

<li><a href="Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Opening of the Hong Kong International Airport</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Right_of_abode_in_Hong_Kong#The_debate_in_1999" title="Right of abode in Hong Kong">Right of abode debate</a></li>

<li><a href="1999_Hong_Kong_local_elections" title="1999 Hong Kong local elections">1st District Council elections</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2000_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="2000 Hong Kong legislative election">2nd Legislative Council elections</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Director_of_Immigration_v._Chong_Fung_Yuen" class="mw-redirect" title="Director of Immigration v. Chong Fung Yuen">Director of Immigration v. Chong Fung Yuen</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2002_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election" title="2002 Hong Kong Chief Executive election">2nd Chief Executive election</a></li>

<li><a href="Article_23" title="Article 23">Article 23 legislation debate</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak" title="2002–2004 SARS outbreak">2002–2004 SARS outbreak</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Leslie_Cheung" title="Leslie Cheung">Death of Leslie Cheung</a></li>

<li><a href="Hong_Kong_1_July_marches#2003_protest" title="Hong Kong 1 July marches">2003 July 1 march</a></li>

<li><a href="2003_Hong_Kong_local_elections" title="2003 Hong Kong local elections">2nd District Council elections</a></li>

<li><a href="Anita_Mui" title="Anita Mui">Death of Anita Mui</a></li>

<li><a href="Murder_of_Robert_Kissel" title="Murder of Robert Kissel">Murder of Robert Kissel</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2004</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2004_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="2004 Hong Kong legislative election">3rd Legislative Council elections</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Second_term_of_Tung_Chee-hwa_as_Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Second term of Tung Chee-hwa as Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Resignation of Tung Chee-hwa</a></li>

<li><a href="2005_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election" title="2005 Hong Kong Chief Executive election">2005 Chief Executive election</a></li>

<li><a href="Hong_Kong_Disneyland" title="Hong Kong Disneyland">Opening of Hong Kong Disneyland</a></li>

<li><a href="2005_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform" title="2005 Hong Kong electoral reform">2005 electoral reform</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2005" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005">WTO Ministerial Conference</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2006</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ngong_Ping_360" title="Ngong Ping 360">Opening of Ngong Ping 360</a></li>

<li><a href="Edinburgh_Place_Ferry_Pier" title="Edinburgh Place Ferry Pier">Demolition of Star Ferry Pier</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2007_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election" title="2007 Hong Kong Chief Executive election">3rd Chief Executive election</a></li>

<li><a href="MTR%E2%80%93KCR_merger" title="MTR–KCR merger">MTR–KCR merger</a></li>

<li><a href="2007_Hong_Kong_local_elections" title="2007 Hong Kong local elections">3rd District Council elections</a></li>

<li><a href="2007_Hong_Kong_Island_by-election" title="2007 Hong Kong Island by-election">Legislative Council by-election</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2008</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Edison_Chen_photo_scandal" title="Edison Chen photo scandal">Edison Chen photo scandal</a></li>

<li><a href="Equestrian_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian at the 2008 Summer Olympics">Olympic Games</a></li>

<li><a href="2008_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="2008 Hong Kong legislative election">4th Legislative Council elections</a></li>

<li><a href="Hong_Kong_acid_attacks" title="Hong Kong acid attacks">Acid attacks</a></li>

<li><a href="2008_financial_crisis" title="2008 financial crisis">2008 financial crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="2008_Sai_Kung_bus_crash" title="2008 Sai Kung bus crash">Sai Kung bus crash</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2009_East_Asian_Games" title="2009 East Asian Games">East Asian Games</a></li>

<li><a href="2009_swine_flu_pandemic_in_Hong_Kong" title="2009 swine flu pandemic in Hong Kong">Flu pandemic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anti-Hong_Kong_Express_Rail_Link_movement" title="Anti-Hong Kong Express Rail Link movement">Anti-Hong Kong Express Rail Link movement</a></li>

<li><a href="2010_Hong_Kong_by-election" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Hong Kong by-election">Legislative Council by-election</a></li>

<li><a href="2010_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform" title="2010 Hong Kong electoral reform">2010 electoral reform</a></li>

<li><a href="Manila_hostage_crisis" title="Manila hostage crisis">Manila hostage crisis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hong_Kong_818_incident" title="Hong Kong 818 incident">818 incident</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Vallejos_v._Commissioner_of_Registration" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallejos v. Commissioner of Registration">Vallejos v. Commissioner of Registration</a></i></li>

<li><a href="2011_Hong_Kong_local_elections" title="2011 Hong Kong local elections">4th District Council elections</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2012_Kong_Qingdong_incident" title="2012 Kong Qingdong incident">Protests against Kong Qingdong</a></li>

<li><a href="2012_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election" title="2012 Hong Kong Chief Executive election">4th Chief Executive election</a></li>

<li><a href="Moral_and_National_Education_controversy" title="Moral and National Education controversy">Moral and National Education controversy</a></li>

<li><a href="Hong_Kong_plastic_disaster" title="Hong Kong plastic disaster">Plastic disaster</a></li>

<li><a href="2012_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="2012 Hong Kong legislative election">5th Legislative Council elections</a></li>

<li><a href="2012_Lamma_Island_ferry_collision" title="2012 Lamma Island ferry collision">Lamma Island ferry collision</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hong_Kong_Television_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Television Network">Hong Kong Television Network controversy</a></li>

<li><a href="2013_Hong_Kong_dock_strike" title="2013 Hong Kong dock strike">Dock strike</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Knife_attack_on_Kevin_Lau" title="Knife attack on Kevin Lau">Knife attack on Kevin Lau</a></li>

<li><a href="2014%E2%80%932015_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform" title="2014–2015 Hong Kong electoral reform">2014 electoral reform</a></li>

<li><a href="2014_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2014 Hong Kong protests">Umbrella Revolution</a>

<ul><li><a href="Beating_of_Ken_Tsang" title="Beating of Ken Tsang">Beating of Ken Tsang</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Causeway_Bay_Books_disappearances" title="Causeway Bay Books disappearances">Causeway Bay Books disappearances</a></li>

<li><a href="2015_Hong_Kong_heavy_metal_in_drinking_water_incidents" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Hong Kong heavy metal in drinking water incidents">Drinking water contamination</a></li>

<li><a href="University_of_Hong_Kong_pro-vice-chancellor_selection_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hong Kong pro-vice-chancellor selection controversy">HKU pro-vice-chancellor selection controversy</a></li>

<li><a href="2015_Hong_Kong_local_elections" title="2015 Hong Kong local elections">5th District Council elections</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2016_Mong_Kok_civil_unrest" title="2016 Mong Kok civil unrest">Mongkok civil unrest</a></li>

<li><a href="2016_New_Territories_East_by-election" title="2016 New Territories East by-election">Legislative Council by-election</a></li>

<li><a href="2016_Hong_Kong_Legislative_Council_candidates'_disqualification_controversy" title="2016 Hong Kong Legislative Council candidates' disqualification controversy">LegCo candidates' disqualification</a></li>

<li><a href="2016_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="2016 Hong Kong legislative election">6th Legislative Council elections</a></li>

<li><a href="Hong_Kong_Legislative_Council_oath-taking_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Legislative Council oath-taking controversy">LegCo oath-taking controversy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2017_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election" title="2017 Hong Kong Chief Executive election">5th Chief Executive election</a></li>

<li><a href="2017_imprisonment_of_Hong_Kong_democracy_activists" title="2017 imprisonment of Hong Kong democracy activists">Imprisonment of democracy activists</a></li>

<li><a href="CUHK_democracy_wall_standoff" class="mw-redirect" title="CUHK democracy wall standoff">CUHK democracy wall standoff</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2018</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2018_Hong_Kong_bus_accident" title="2018 Hong Kong bus accident">Tai Po Road bus accident</a></li>

<li>LegCo by-elections

<ul><li><a href="2018_Hong_Kong_by-election" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Hong Kong by-election">March</a></li>

<li><a href="November_2018_Kowloon_West_by-election" title="November 2018 Kowloon West by-election">November</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Zhuhai%E2%80%93Macau_Bridge" title="Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge">Opening of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge</a></li>

<li><a href="Victor_Mallet_visa_controversy" title="Victor Mallet visa controversy">Victor Mallet visa controversy</a></li>

<li><a href="Typhoon_Mangkhut" title="Typhoon Mangkhut">Typhoon Mangkhut</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">2019–2020 Hong Kong protests</a>

<ul><li><a href="2019_Yuen_Long_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Yuen Long violence">Yuen Long attack</a></li>

<li><a href="2019_Prince_Edward_station_attack" title="2019 Prince Edward station attack">Prince Edward station attack</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="2019_Hong_Kong_local_elections" title="2019 Hong Kong local elections">6th District Council elections</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">2019–2020 Hong Kong protests</a></li>

<li><a href="COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hong_Kong" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Anthem_Ordinance" title="National Anthem Ordinance">National Anthem Ordinance</a></li>

<li><a href="National_People's_Congress_decision_on_Hong_Kong_national_security_legislation" title="National People's Congress decision on Hong Kong national security legislation">NPC decision on national security legislation</a></li>

<li><a href="2020_Hong_Kong_pro-democracy_primaries" title="2020 Hong Kong pro-democracy primaries">Pro-democracy primaries</a></li>

<li><a href="2020_Hong_Kong_Legislative_Council_candidates'_disqualification_controversy" title="2020 Hong Kong Legislative Council candidates' disqualification controversy">LegCo candidates' disqualification</a></li>

<li><a href="Apple_Daily_raids_and_arrests" title="Apple Daily raids and arrests">Apple Daily raids and arrests</a></li>

<li><a href="2020_Hong_Kong_Legislative_Council_mass_resignations" title="2020 Hong Kong Legislative Council mass resignations">LegCo mass resignations</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">2019–2020 Hong Kong protests</a></li>

<li><a href="COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hong_Kong" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li>

<li><a href="2021_arrests_of_Hong_Kong_pro-democracy_primaries_participants" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 arrests of Hong Kong pro-democracy primaries participants">Mass arrests</a></li>

<li><a href="2021_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Hong Kong electoral reform">2021 Hong Kong electoral reform</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_Offices_(Candidacy_and_Taking_Up_Offices)_(Miscellaneous_Amendments)_Ordinance_2021" title="Public Offices (Candidacy and Taking Up Offices) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Ordinance 2021">Oath-taking rules law</a></li>

<li><a href="Apple_Daily_raids_and_arrests" title="Apple Daily raids and arrests">Apple Daily raids and arrests</a></li>

<li><a href="1_July_police_stabbing" title="1 July police stabbing">Police stabbing</a></li>

<li><a href="2021_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="2021 Hong Kong legislative election">7th Legislative Council elections</a></li>

<li><a href="Stand_News_raids_and_arrests" title="Stand News raids and arrests">Stand News raids and arrests</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hong_Kong" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li>

<li><a href="Witman_Hung_partygate" title="Witman Hung partygate">Witman Hung partygate</a></li>

<li><a href="2022_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election" title="2022 Hong Kong Chief Executive election">6th Chief Executive election</a></li>

<li><a href="2022_Xi_Jinping_visit_to_Hong_Kong" title="2022 Xi Jinping visit to Hong Kong">2022 Xi Jinping visit to Hong Kong</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2023</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hong_Kong" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong">Removal of COVID-19 pandemic measures</a></li>

<li><a href="Murder_of_Abby_Choi" title="Murder of Abby Choi">Murder of Abby Choi</a></li>

<li><a href="2023_Hong_Kong_electoral_changes" title="2023 Hong Kong electoral changes">2023 Hong Kong electoral changes</a></li>

<li><a href="2023_Gay_Games" title="2023 Gay Games">2023 Gay Games</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2024</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Safeguarding_National_Security_Ordinance" title="Safeguarding National Security Ordinance">Introduction of Safeguarding National Security Ordinance</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2025</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kai_Tak_Sports_Park" title="Kai Tak Sports Park">Opening of the Kai Tak Sports Park</a></li>

<li><a href="2025_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="2025 Hong Kong legislative election">8th Legislative Council elections</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ongoing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Mainland_China_conflict" title="Hong Kong–Mainland China conflict">Hong Kong–Mainland China conflict</a>

<ul><li><a href="China%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_football_rivalry" title="China–Hong Kong football rivalry">football rivalry</a></li></ul></li>

<li>National security law

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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